Temporal partitioning of <i>Bullacris unicolor</i> (Orthoptera: Pneumoridae) calling activity to avoid predation

Ecological interactions, including competition, predation, and environmental conditions, may significantly impact acoustic signalling behaviour. Here we characterise nocturnal patterns in the bladder grasshopper Bullacris unicolor relate this to biotic abiotic factors, thus providing insights into ecological drivers of Passive recorders monitored calling activity focal species, competitors, predatory bats across distribution B. unicolor. Results indicate that calls preferentially at certain times night, but peak period varies geographic range. There was a strong relationship between bat activity. populations further north showed an overall avoidance echolocation call period, whereas south overlapping periods observed. Bats northern sites distinct early night reduce predation risk by shifting later night. In contrast, were active throughout southern did not delay region its distribution, although species shift slightly overlap with co-existing pneumorid species.